Perbandingan Efektivitas Berbagai Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata): Literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63004/snsmed.v5i1.1906Kata Kunci:
Andrographis paniculata, ekstraksi, antioksidanAbstrak
Latar belakang: Penyakit degeneratif berkaitan erat dengan stres oksidatif akibat ketidakseimbangan antara produksi radikal bebas dan sistem antioksidan tubuh. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif, seperti andrographolide, flavonoid, dan senyawa fenolik yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan alami. Namun, aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak sambiloto dipengaruhi oleh metode ekstraksi yang digunakan. Tujuan: Literature review ini bertujuan membandingkan efektivitas berbagai metode ekstraksi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak Sambiloto. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode literature review dengan sumber data berupa artikel original research yang diperoleh melalui basis data PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar. Seleksi artikel dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sehingga diperoleh 15 artikel yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2016–2026 untuk dianalisis. Hasil: Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan meliputi maserasi, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), ekstraksi bertingkat, serta fraksinasi menggunakan Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Aktivitas antioksidan dievaluasi menggunakan metode DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, dan CUPRAC. Secara umum, metode ekstraksi modern (terutama UAE dan ASE) menunjukkan potensi menghasilkan ekstrak dengan aktivitas antioksidan yang baik serta waktu ekstraksi yang relatif singkat pada kondisi tertentu. Namun, maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol tetap menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang baik pada berbagai penelitian. Kesimpulan: Perbedaan aktivitas antioksidan dipengaruhi oleh metode ekstraksi, jenis pelarut, kondisi ekstraksi, serta kandungan senyawa bioaktif yang berhasil diekstraksi. Tidak terdapat satu metode ekstraksi yang dapat dinyatakan paling optimal secara universal, sehingga pemilihan metode perlu disesuaikan dengan kondisi ekstraksi dan karakteristik senyawa yang ditargetkan.
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