Peptida Bioaktif: Menjelajahi Potensi Dan Tantangan Menuju Pangan Masa Depan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63004/jfs.v2i2.461Kata Kunci:
Nutrasetikal, Pangan Fungsional, Hidrolisis EnzimatisAbstrak
Peptida bioaktif merupakan fragmen protein spesifik yang tidak hanya memiliki fungsi sebagai nutrisi, namun juga memiliki efek positif pada fungsi, kondisi dan kesehatan tubuh. Peptida bioaktif dapat terbentuk selama proses proteolisis baik melalui hidrolisis enzimatik in vitro, fermentasi, maupun pemecahan selama pencernaan makanan di saluran cerna. Peptida bioaktif memiliki berbagai manfaat pada kesehatan manusia dengan mempengaruhi sistem pencernaan, endokrin, kardiovaskular, syaraf dan imunitas. Beberapa jenis peptida bioaktif juga telah diteliti dan diketahui memiliki aktivitas antihipertensi, antioksidan, imunomodulator, antimikroba, antihiperlipidemia, sitomodulator dan antigenotoksik. Peptida bioaktif juga merupakan komponen yang fleksibel dalam penggunaannya dikarenakan variasi rantai samping yang dapat berinteraksi dan bekerja pada berbagai jenis lingkungan. Beberapa tantangan dalam penggunaan bioaktif peptida adalah lingkungan asam pada lambung serta efek dari enzim protease pada lambung dan usus yang tentunya akan berdampak terhadap ketersediaan hayatinya. Selain itu, meskipun peptida dapat mencapai sirkulasi sistemik, peptida dapat mengalami inaktivasi yang menyebabkan peptida kehilangan aktivitasnya dan hanya berperan sebagai nutrisi. Peptida dengan berat molekul besar juga dapat mengalami kesulitan dalam proses penyerapannya di usus, menyebabkan hilangnya peptida yang bermanfaat dari sistem pencernaan. Meskipun begitu, peptida bioaktif memiliki potensi besar yang dapat dikembangkan. Review ini berfokus pada potensi peptida bioaktif sebagai pangan fungsional dan nutrasetikal.
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