Potensi Antikanker Teripang: Tinjauan Sistematis Senyawa Bioaktif dan Mekanisme Molekuler
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63004/hrji.v4i6.1228Kata Kunci:
Teripang, Antikanker, Senyawa bioaktif, Glikosida triterpen, Apop, Mekanisme molekulerAbstrak
Kanker merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia, dan keterbatasan terapi konvensional mendorong pencarian agen antikanker baru dari sumber alam laut. Teripang (Holothuroidea) telah lama dikenal kaya akan senyawa bioaktif dengan potensi antikanker yang menjanjikan. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies teripang dengan aktivitas antikanker terkuat, mengkarakterisasi senyawa bioaktif yang berperan, serta mengelaborasi mekanisme molekuler yang mendasarinya. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada tiga basis data (ScienceDirect, PubMed, dan SINTA) untuk publikasi periode 2016–2025 menggunakan kerangka PICOC, dengan 15 studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa triterpen glikosida (misalnya holothurin) dan peptida bioaktif, terutama dari Holothuria scabra, Stichopus hermanni, dan Holothuria atra, memberikan efek sitotoksik poten terhadap berbagai jenis kanker, terutama kanker payudara, kolon, dan ovarium. Mekanisme utama meliputi induksi apoptosis, penghentian siklus sel, penghambatan metastasis melalui downregulasi MMP-9 dan HER2, anti-angiogenesis, dan imunomodulasi. Bukti in vivo berupa penurunan volume tumor memperkuat temuan ini, menjadikan teripang sebagai sumber potensial untuk pengembangan agen antikanker multitarget. Namun, sebagian besar bukti masih bersifat praklinis sehingga diperlukan penelitian lanjutan terkait optimasi struktur senyawa, ketersediaan bahan baku berkelanjutan, serta studi farmakokinetik dan toksikologi untuk mendukung translasi klinis.
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