Implikasi Lingkungan dan Kesehatan Akibat Pertambangan Nikel di Sulawesi: Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63004/hrji.v4i5.1099Kata Kunci:
Kontaminasi Nikel, Risiko Kesehatan, Pertambangan, Sulawesi, Ekosistem Peairan, Bioakumulasi, Logam berat, Penilaian Risiko KesehatanAbstrak
Status Indonesia sebagai produsen nikel terkemuka di dunia telah menyebabkan penambangan intensif di Sulawesi, sehingga menimbulkan kekhawatiran signifikan terkait kontaminasi nikel di ekosistem perairan dan risiko kesehatan masyarakat yang ditimbulkannya.. Review naratif ini bertujuan mensintesis bukti ilmiah terkini (2015–2025) mengenai toksisitas nikel, distribusi lingkungan, dan jalur paparan di distrik pertambangan nikel Indonesia. Pencarian literatur dilakukan di Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, dan Google Scholar, menghasilkan 9 studi empiris primer yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil menunjukkan kontinum polusi nikel yang terakumulasi secara progresif dalam air (0,0086–0,0368 mg/L di sungai), sedimen (rata-rata hingga 73,20 mg/kg di Morowali), dan biota yang dapat dikonsumsi termasuk ikan bandeng (~0,50 mg/kg) dan udang (hingga 1,155 mg/kg). Kontaminan ini memasuki rantai makanan manusia melalui air minum dan konsumsi hasil laut, menimbulkan risiko non-karsinogenik dan karsinogenik potensial termasuk kerusakan pernafasan, nefrotoksisitas, dan peningkatan risiko kanker. Air tanah di Pomalaa diklasifikasikan sebagai tercemar ringan (Indeks Polusi 3,7–4,5), sedangkan tanah pasca tambang di Konawe Utara menunjukkan kontaminasi ekstrem (Kelas Igeo 6). Temuan dari Sulawesi selaras dengan data pertambangan global dari Iran, Ghana, dan Filipina. Diperlukan penilaian risiko kesehatan kuantitatif multi-jalur yang spesifik untuk komunitas Sulawesi, biomonitoring berkelanjutan, dan pengendalian limbah tambang yang lebih ketat.
Unduhan
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